Hyperlink: Internet: Web Authoring and HTML
Meta-Reference on Information Technology

HyperText Markup Language - HTML References

In May 1998, the W3C HTML working group started working on the next generation of HTML, with aim to a series of specifications defining XHTML - Extensible HTML. XHTML 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language — A Reformulation of HTML 4 in XML 1.0 — became W3C Recommendation in January 2000. XHTML 1.0 is the current W3C's recommendation for the latest version of HTML, following on from earlier work on HTML 4.01, 4.0, 3.2, and 2.0. The XHTML specification just redefinines HTML4 as an application of XML, focused on differences and compatibility issues between XHML 1.0 and HTML 4. The effective definition of HTML general structure, its elements and attributes, basic data types and styles, are part of the HTML 4.01 specification.

XHTML 1.0 provides the basis for a family of document types that extend and/or subset XHTML, in order to support a wide range of new devices and applications. Read more in the HTML Activity Statement.

A brief history of HTML4 and XHTML:

• 26 July 2006: the eighth public Working Draft of XHTML 2.0 has been published.
• 1 August 2002: XHTML 1 specification revised and published as XHTML 1.0 Second Edition.
• 26 January 2000: XHTML 1.0 Recommendation launched.
• 24 December 1999: HTML 4.01 published, an update for HTML 4.0 incorporating editorial corrections and bug fixes for problems detected since HTML 4.0 became a Recommendation.
• 05 December 1998: first working draft for XHTML 1.0, redefining HTML 4 in XML.
• 24 April 1998: HTML 4.0 Specification Revised.
• 18 December 1997: the HTML 4.0 Specification published as Recommendation.
• 8 July 1997: initial announce by W3C for the HTML 4.0 specification as a preliminary version (working draft).

Entities

• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
  The World Wide Web - WWW project was initially developed at CERN: European Laboratory for Particle Physics, in 1991. A primeira especificação da linguagem HTML - HyperText Markup Language - foi definida por Tim Berners-Lee, no CERN. Atualmente, a documentação original do CERN é mantida pelo W3C.
• Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group
  WHATWG community, maintaining and evolving HTML since 2004.
  WHATWG Blog, IRC, Forums, Specs, Mailing Lists (Help for web designers, Specifications feedback, Implementors notes), Wiki.
• The Web Standards Project
  The Web Standards Project is a grassroots coalition fighting for standards which ensure simple, affordable access to web technologies for all.

Introduction & Tutorials

• A Beginner's Guide to HTML (NCSA)
  The most traditional introductory guide to HTML.
  Also available in Adobe Acrobat (PDF) format.
  There is also A Beginner's Guide to URLs.
  Maintained by NCSA - The National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the inventors of the Web and developers of the pioneer Web browser NCSA Mosaic.
• Getting started with HTML
  By Dave Raggett, revised 24 May 2005, W3C (World Wide Web Consortium).
• W3 Schools Online Web Tutorials
• HTML Tutorial
  In this HTML tutorial you will learn how to use HTML to create your own Web site. By W3Schools, Refsnes Data.
• HTML Goodies, by Dr. Joe Burns Ph.D.
  The HTML Tutorials, JavaGoodies, The HTML Primers, Free Images, HTML Goodies FAQ, Academic Links to Goodies etc.
  HTML Primer.
• HTML Code Tutorial
  HTML Code Tutorial goal is to provide the most helpful and complete guide to creating web pages anywhere. If you're just beginning, start learning HTML from Document Tags.
• PageTutor.com - "HTML Tutorials for the rest of us"
  So, you want to make a Web Page! - Basic HTML tutorial by Joe Barta, a professional Web designer.
  Other tutorials in the PageTutor series: JavaScript Tutor, CSS Primer, Meta Tag Primer. Quality Resources for Web Authors.
• WDVL HTML Tutorial
  HTML Tutorial, from the Web Developer's Virtual Library (WDVL).
  Authoring Tutorials for Web Developers: Internet, HTML, CSS, CGI, ASP, PERL, PHP, graphics, Java, JavaScript, DHTML, database, XML, etc.
• HTMLcenter
  HTML, CSS, dHTML, Javascript, Tutorials, Reviews, Tips. A CenterNetworks Site.
  HTMLcenter Tutorials.
• Learning HTML 3.2 by Examples, by Jukka Korpela, Finland.
  Jukka "Yucca" Korpela is also especially working on comprehensive tutorials/references for HTML 4.0.

In Portuguese

• Tutorial HTML do ICMC-USP
  Mantido pelos webmasters do Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação (ICMC) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - São Carlos. Originalmente criado por Maria Alice Soares de Castro. Introdução, HTML Básico (também para download), HTML Avançado, Imagens, Interação.
• Guia de Iniciacao ao HTML, tradução livre do "A Beginner's Guide to HTML" do NCSA, por José de Albuquerque Moreira da UNB.
• Building Your Site
  By Locaweb. Articles, tutorials and links on home page creation, Web development tools, Web servers, programming and databases for the Web.
• HTML: Criando páginas na WWW, tutorial da USP.

Specifications & Complete References

• HyperText Markup Language - HTML home-page at the W3 Consortium
• XHTML 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition)
  A Reformulation of HTML 4.0 in XML 1.0
  W3C Recommendation, 26 January 2000, revised 1 August 2002. Copyright © 1998-2000 W3C (MIT, INRIA, Keio).
• HTML language specifications, published by W3 Consortium:
  
  • W3C Recommendation: HTML 4.01 Specification, 24-Dec-1999.
    Previous version: HTML 3.2 Reference Specification, 14-Jan-1997.
  • W3C HTML Working Group Roadmap
  • An updated list of W3C Technical Reports and Publications is available, including preliminary versions - W3C Working Drafts and Recommedantion Proposals.
• W3C WAI Page Author Guidelines Working Group
  Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, by W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI).
• IETF - HyperText Markup Language (HTML) Working Group
  Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
• HTML Help by The Web Design Group (WDG)
  By Arnoud "Galactus" Engelfriet and company. Reference Guides.
  Web Authoring Reference: HTML/CSS. Tools: HTML Validator, CSSCheck, cg-eye, WiDGets. FAQ Archives: Web authoring FAQ and Frequently Encountered Problems, CGI Programming FAQ. Design Elements: Style Guide, Standards for HTML Authoring, Frames, Accessibility, Image Tips, RGB Color Codes. Feature Articles, HTML Help BBS, Links.
  WDG's Help files Distribution Download: HTML 4.0 Reference and CSS Guide (Windows Help, MacOS Apple Help, OS/2 INF, HTML), HTML 3.2 Reference (various formats).
• ZD Developer: Tag Library
  By ZDNet Developer.
  A comprehensive technical reference about all HTML and CSS tags. The ZDNet Developer Tag Library attempts to collect as much information as possible about Hypertext Mark-up Language and the popular browsers that support it. As the language evolves, this library keep you informed on all aspects of tag usage and support.
• MSDN Library - Web Development - HTML and CSS
  HTML and DHTML Overviews and Tutorials, HTML and DHTML Reference, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), DHTML Behaviors, DHTML Data Binding, Scriptable Editing, Web Multimedia, HTML Applications (HTA), Accessibility, Technical Articles and Columns. By Microsoft Developers Network (MSDN), Microsoft Corporation.
• HTML at MDC
  By Mozilla Developer Center (MDC).
• The Bare Bones Guide to HTML
  Lista todas as tags da especificação oficial de HTML 4.0 e 3.2, mais as extensões Netscape, em um formato conciso e organizado. Guia disponível em HTML e texto-puro. Traduzido para diversos idiomas, inclusive versão em Portugês, mas a versão mais atualizada é em geral em Inglês.
• HTMLib - The HTML Reference Library v4.0
  By Stephen Le Hunte.
  HTMLib is a software with complete HTML Reference, based on Windows HTML Help, with free download. HTMLib Version 4.0 covers the HTML 4.0 Especification from W3C, including Cascading Style Sheets (CSS1/2) and Dynamic HTML, as well as documents especific elements that are supported by the browsers Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator 4.x and NCSA Mosaic 3.0.
  HTMLib 4.0 requires Windows with MSIE 4 or later and HTML Help installed.
• Character entity references in HTML 4.0
  In Alan Wood's Unicode Resources, Unicode and multilingual support in HTML, fonts, web browsers and other applications. By Alan Wood. Old location: www.hclrss.demon.co.uk/demos/.
• Index DOT Html
  “The Advanced HTML Reference”. By Brian Wilson. HTML Language, Historical Information, General Information.
  Index DOT Css.

Quick References

• HTML Quick Reference, by Michael Grobe. Formlerly maintained at the NCSA
• HTML Quick Reference Guide

DOCTYPE - Valid DTDs

• List of valid DTDs you can use in your document
  DTD List by W3C: HTML 2.0, 3.2, 4.01, XHTML 1.0, 1.1, MathML 1.01, 2.0, SVG 1.0, 1.1.
• The <!DOCTYPE> tag
  By W3Schools.
• HTML Validation: Choosing a DOCTYPE
  By Web Design Group (WDG), HTMLHelp.com, Liam Quinn.

DOCTYPE Switch: Strict (Standards) × Quirks CSS Modes

• Activating the Right Layout Mode Using the Doctype Declaration
  By Henri Sivonen. Browser comparision: which doctype triggers which CSS mode, strict (standards) or quirks.
• CSS - Quirks mode and strict mode
  By Peter-Paul Koch, QuirksMode.org.
• CSS Enhancements in Internet Explorer 6
  By Lance Silver, MSDN Library, Microsoft Corporation, March 2001. Microsoft's DOCTYPE Switch Documentation.
• Mozilla's DOCTYPE sniffing
  By David Baron. Mozilla.org. This document describes how Mozilla uses the DOCTYPE declaration to determine strict mode vs. quirks mode. Doctypes which trigger, on Mozilla: Full Standards (Strict) Mode, Almost Standards Mode, Quirks Mode.
• The Opera 7 DOCTYPE Switches
• Fix Your Site With the Right DOCTYPE
  Por Jeffrey Zeldman, A List Apart.

Character Set & Character Encoding

• Character encodings
  W3C Internationalization.
  Setting the HTTP charset parameter.
• W3C Internationalization (I18n) Activity Blog - Tutorials
  Tutorial: Handling character encodings in HTML and CSS.

FavIcon - Favorites Icon

• Wikipedia: Favicon
  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
• How to Add a Favicon to your Site
  W3C Quality Assurance, draft in development.
• Favicon - Custom icons for your website
• How to Add a Shortcut Icon to a Web Page
  MSDN Library, HTML and DHTML Overviews/Tutorials, Microsoft.
• What is Favicon.ico? Personalise Your Site's Bookmark
  What is this mysterious FAVICON.ICO in your web server logs? And How to Personalise Your Site's Bookmark in Visitor's Browsers. By Christopher Heng, thesitewizard.com.
• Favorites Icon
  By Ross Shannon, in HTMLSource - HTML Tutorials.
• FavIcon from Pics
  Free web tool for creating still or animated favicons from regular images. Simply select a picture, logo or other graphic (of any size/resolution) for the "Source Image" and click "Generate FavIcon.ico". By Chami.com - HTML Kit.
• Dynamic Drive - FavIcon Generator
  Free online tool to easily create a favicon, from GIF, JPG, PNG, or BMP. Transparency supported in GIF and PNG.
• Favicon Editor
  Free, on-line favicon editor, by DeGraeve.com.
• Favourite Favicons
  Daniel Burka favicons listing, result of collecting some personal favourite favicons on the web, for interest's and posterity's sake. By Daniel Burka, March 25, 2004, posted in his Delta Tango Bravo blog.
  See also favicon blog article, by Makiko Itoh, January 3, 2004.

Other References

• Using inline frames (iframe elements)
  Using inline frames (iframe elements) to embed documents into HTML documents, by Jukka "Yucca" Korpela.
• The Web Standards Project (WaSP)
  Founded in 1998, The Web Standards Project is a grassroots coalition fighting for standards that ensure simple, affordable access to web technologies for all. Standards reduce the cost and complexity of development while increasing the accessibility and long-term viability of any site published on the Web. WaSP works with browser companies, authoring tool makers, and other peers to deliver the true power of standards to the web medium.
  FAQ, Reference Charts (Color names, Character entities), HTML and XHTML Conforming Templates, Resources, Glossary.
• The Web Robots Pages
  robotstxt.org, the home of The Web Robots Pages. This is the main source for information on the robots.txt Robots Exclusion Standard and other articles about writing well-behaved Web robots. Maintained by Martijn Koster. This information is in the public domain. The Web Robots FAQ, Robots Exclusion, The Web Robots Database (list of active robots), Robots Mailing List, Articles and Papers, Related sites.
  A Standard for Robot Exclusion: /robots.txt.
• Robots.txt Tutorial
  By Search Engine World. Robots.txt Validator.
• Mining Co.'s Guide to HTML
  NetLinks: Accessibility, Anti-Aliasing, CSS, Dynamic HTML, Forms, Free CGIs, Free Graphics, FTP Clients, Frames, HTML 4.0, HTTP Cookies, Learning HTML, Multimedia, Perl, Speed, Style Guides, Meta Tags, Tables, Vi the Text Editor, Web Designers, Web Hosting, Web Jobs, WebTV HTML, Writing for the Web, and more.
  Articles, Guides, Community (boards, chat, events etc.), Shopping (bookstore, marketplace, videostore).
• Web Mastery - HTML, The Language
  Page at the HyperNews discussion Forums about Web and HTML (formerly at NCSA), includes related references